File Retrieval and Editing SyStem, eller FRESS, var et hypertekst system udvikletpå Brown University i 1968 af Andries van Dam og hans elever, herunder Ted Nelson og Bob Wallace.

FRESS was a continuation of work done on van Dam's previous hypertext system, HES, developed the previous year. FRESS ran on an IBM 360-series mainframe running VM/CMS. It implemented one of the first virtual-terminal interfaces, and could run on various terminals from dumb typewriters up to the Imlac PDS-1 graphical minicomputer. On the PDS-1, it supported multi-window WYSIWYG editing and graphics display. Notably, the PDS-1 used a lightpen rather than a mouse, and the lightpen could be „clicked“ using a cathartic foot-pedal.

FRESS improved on HES's capabilities in many ways. FRESS documents could be of arbitrary size, and (unlike prior systems) were not laid out in lines until the moment of display. FRESS users could insert a marker at any location within a text document and link the marked selection to any other point either in the same document or a different document.

FRESS had two types of links: tags and „jumps“. Tags were one-way links to information such as references or footnootes, while jumps were two-way links that could take the user through many separate but related documents, much like the World Wide Web of today. FRESS also had the ability to assign keywords to links or text blocks to assist with navigation. Keywords could be used to select which sections to display or print, which links would be available to the user, and so on. Multiple „spaces“ were also automatically maintained, including an automatic table of contents and indexes to keywords, document structures, and so on.

FRESS is also possibly the first computer-based system to have had an „undo“ feature for quickly correcting small editing or navigational mistakes.

Hypertext visionary Ted Nelson states that all the WYSIWYG word processors derive from HES – but lost the hypertext. (Nelson, 1974)

FRESS was essentially a text-based system, and unlike the modern Web, editing links was a fairly complex task (unless you had access to the PDS-1 terminal, in which case you could select each end with the lightpen and create a link with a couple keystrokes. FRESS also provided no method of knowing where the user was within a collection („web“) of documents, which could prove somewhat disorienting.

FRESS was heavily used for instructional computing (probably being the foundation for the first hypertext systems used in education, particularly for teaching poetry and biology), as well as typesetting many books. It was for many years the word-processor of choice at Brown and a small number of other sites.

Through the diligent work of Alan Hecht, FRESS survived a major OS upgrade around 1978. Around the same time John Prusky wrote thorough user documentation for the system as well, in The FRESS Resource Manual. Although support had to be withdrawn a few years later for lack of resources, as of this writing (2005) FRESS still runs on the current Brown mainframe (though it is rarely used even for historical demonstrations now).

For the ACM Hypertext '89 conference, David Durand reverse-engineered the PDS-1 terminal and created an emulator on Apple Macintosh. He and Steven DeRose recovered the old poetry class databases and gave live demos on this and a few later occasions.

A summary of FRESS functionality, particularly in relation to markup systems, is available in [1].

References